建築意

#108 智利的瓦爾帕萊索 - 古董纜車系統把海港與小山連起來
今日參加了stamp tour，Full-Day Tour of Valparaiso Port and Viña del Mar。學了很多關於智利的常識，街道名稱和行政由分區的制定、經濟、地理、農業、民生、宗教和graffiti也有所認識，覺得美國和智利混血導遊frank介紹得非常好。

街道名稱和行政由分區的制定，所以同一條大街到了不同區就有不同名稱。

經濟是南美最好，有40%人住在三大城市，第一是Santiago, 之後是Valparaiso，而第三是concepion。santiago 在以前的copper mine上建設了一應俱全的satellite city。

地理方面，他們在Andes山脈下，雖然河道水量少，但由於山勢是急降，所以流水量急及量多。同時，santiago時時都有地震，人們都習慣了，Santiago在Andes和coastal range之間的低地，所以，城市內的空氣污染嚴重，有煙霧。但在沿海地區種了很多葡萄樹，就是Maipo和Casablanca 區，因為天氣較冷，所以酒的酒精濃度會相對較低。由於水份不多，他們設了一些灌溉系統如gravity flow system和霧水鐵絲網，來供水，少少溫差也會令葡萄死亡，而野兔更是天敵。除了葡萄酒，牛油果也有五百多種，由於它備受重視，所以有不少農民都種，而家叫做green gold。聽說ARGENTINA 有一種叫AVOCADO MOJITO的重口味飲料。

宗教方面，每年聖誕節就會有人步行朝城到casablanca區的教堂，萬人空巷，也有很迷信的農民。

val de mar 是chile的一個重要商業、海港和政府中心。在此買電子產品稅項較其他chile地區低，不少chilean和argentina的人會來購物或度假，不過海水是很冷的，由於冷流的原因，海水非常冰藍。同時，養份很高，因為水是從深海上來的。起先來到這區的人士，在沿海起了不少美麗的房屋。不少Argentina 寧願過來這邊遊水，因為較近，但海水很冷。

官網：Cities of Chile: Viña del Mar - Find your Chile

Cold ocean current/Peru current/Humboldt current

Credit: Encyclopedia Britannica

Peru Current, also called Humboldt Current, cold-water current of the southeast Pacific Ocean, with a width of about 900 km (550 mi). Relatively slow and shallow, it transports only 350,000,000–700,000,000 cu ft (10,000,000–20,000,000 cu m) of water per second. It is an eastern boundary current similar to the California Current of the North Pacific. The West Wind Drift flows east toward South America south of latitude 40° S, and while most of it continues through the Drake Passagearound the southern tip of South America to the Atlantic, a shallow stream turns north to parallel the continent as far as latitude 4° S, where it turns west to join the Pacific South Equatorial Current.

As it is a cold current, except at times of the phenomenon known as El Niño (q.v.), the Peru Current brings fog to the nearby coast but also helps to keep the coast one of the most intensely arid areas in the world. The cold flow is intensified by upwelling of deep water caused by the combined effects of the drag of surface winds of the Southeast Trades and the Earth’s rotation. Upwelling brings abundant nutrients close to the surface, and the beneficial effects of sunlight, which allow for rich plankton growth, make the waters off Peru, Chile, and Ecuador one of the world’s greatest fishing grounds for anchovies and the larger fish (e.g., tuna) that feed upon them. Another economic benefit is the guano, used for fertilizer, deposited by the flocks of birds that feed on the anchovies.

The current’s alternative name is taken from that of the German scientist Alexander von Humboldt, who in 1802 took measurements that showed the coldness of the flow in relation to the air above it and the sea around it.

The climate of Peru

http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~clay/PeruTrip/Talks/peru_cliamte_soto.pdf